Examinando por Autor "Caira Mamani,Cirilo Mario"
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Ítem A comprehensive review on monitoring and purification of water through tunable 2D nanomaterials(Brazilian Journal of Biology, 2023-06-09) Caira Mamani,Cirilo MarioInstead of typical household trash, the heavy metal complexes, organic chemicals, and other poisons produced by huge enterprises threaten water systems across the world. In order to protect our drinking water from pollution, we must keep a close eye on the situation. Nanotechnology, specifically two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, is used in certain wastewater treatment systems. Graphene, g-C3 N4 , MoS2 , and MXene are just a few examples of emerging 2D nanomaterials that exhibit an extraordinary ratio of surface (m3), providing material consumption, time consumption, and treatment technique for cleaning and observing water. In this post, we’ll talk about the ways in which 2D nanomaterials may be tuned to perform certain functions, namely how they can be used for water management. The following is a quick overview of nanostructured materials and its possible use in water management: Also discussed in length are the applications of 2D nanomaterials in water purification, including pollutant adsorption, filtration, disinfection, and photocatalysis. Fluorescence sensors, colorimetric, electrochemical, and field-effect transistors are only some of the devices being studied for their potential use in monitoring water quality using 2D nanomaterials. Utilizing 2D content has its benefits and pitfalls when used to water management. New developments in this fast-expanding business will boost water treatment quality and accessibility in response to rising awareness of the need of clean, fresh water among future generations.Ítem Analysis of the biological and chemical characteristics of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. Capitata L.) Fed with compost based on sugarcane residues(Brazilian Journal of Biology, 2023-08-28) Caira Mamani,Cirilo MarioThe pandemic and the geopolitical conflict between Russia and Ukraine are events that have caused economic instability in Peru. Reason that was investigated on the analysis of the biological and chemical characteristics of cabbage fed with compost based on sugarcane residues. The objective was to analyze the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of cabbage from the adequate dose of compost based on sugarcane residues and distance between plants. It is based on the methodology applied with an experimental approach, for which the Completely Random Block Design with a 4x 2 factorial arrangement was used, which consisted of 3 blocks and 8 treatments that were the combination: F1 with 0, F2 with 8, T3 with 10 and F4 with 12 t/ha and spacing (D1) with 0.30 m between plants and 0.60 m between rows and (D2) with 0.35 m between plants and 0.60 m between rows. The physical characteristics of cabbage were evaluated and processed by analysis of variance, nutrient concentrations in leaves and stomatal density were analyzed. The results determined that T7 stood out in plant height with 41.88 cm, yield with 26.76 tn/ha and T6 in root length with 20.22 cm. In chemical analysis of leaves T1 stood out in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and T4 in calcium, magnesium and sulfur. In T7 stomata density with 977 stomata/mm2. It concludes that at an adequate dose and greater distance that T7 stands out in the concentration of nutrients that are within normal values and high density of stomata; Therefore, these characteristics influenced the optimal biochemical reactions, which obtained good development and yield that differed at 51.39% and 32.17% with respect to the controls T1 and T5Ítem Analysis of the chemical and biological characteristics and their relationship with the yield of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) nourished with compost based on plant residues(Brazilian Journal of Biology, 2024-08-05) Caira Mamani,Cirilo MarioThe increase in fertilizer prices was 20% after the pandemic, which increased the cost of crop production in Peru. For this reason, research was conducted on the analysis of the chemical and biological characteristics and their relationship with the yield of radish nourished with compost based on plant residues. The objective was to analyze the chemical and biological characteristics and their relationship with the yield of radish nourished with vegetable waste-based compost. It is based on the methodology applied with an experimental approach; therefore, the statistical model of the Completely Randomized Block Design was used, which consisted of 3 blocks and 5 treatments that were T1 with 0, T2 with 4, T3 with 6, T4 with 8 and T5 with 10 t/ha of compost based on vegetable residues, and the doses were applied 14 days after sowing. Physical characteristics (total plant length, plant weight, bulb equatorial diameter and marketable yield), nutrient concentrations (nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, molybdenum, iron, manganese, copper, zinc, boron, chlorides and sodium) in leaves and stomata density were evaluated. The results determined that T5 stood out in total plant length with 28.07 cm, plant weight with 75 g, bulb equatorial diameter with 4.52 cm and commercial yield with 22.53 t/ha. In the total contribution of nitrogen in relation to yield with 300.44 kg/ha. Profitability with 186.8%. Quantification of stomata per treatment with 598 stomata/mm2 and concentration of nutrients in leaves at T3 with nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus and magnesium. It concludes that T5 , which has an adequate concentration of nutrients in leaves such as magnesium, manganese, zinc and stomata density of 598 stomata/mm2 influenced optimal biochemical reactions that resulted in the highest yield with 22.53 t/ha, differing by 31.38% in relation to T1 .Ítem Analysis of the innovation system in the adoption of IR-43 (NIR) and Tinajones rice varieties by farmers of the Camaná Valley(Brazilian Journal of Biology, 2024-12-02) Caira Mamani,Cirilo MarioIn the last 30 years, rice production in Peru has grown 4.88 times. Rice in the Camaná Valley of the department of Arequipa is one of the most important food crops in the regional economy with a world record in yield for paddy rice. The objective was to analyze the innovation system in the adoption of IR-43 (NIR) and Tinajones rice varieties by rice farmers in the Camaná Valley and determine the impacts on improvements in the quality of life of farmers. This study used the innovation systems framework to explore four key aspects of innovation systems: Actors, the roles they play and the activities in which they are involved, attitudes and practices of the main actors, patterns of interaction between the main actors and the enabling environment. It was determined that the adoption of IR-43 (NIR) and Tinajones varieties was facilitated by the existence of a diversity of collective intelligence mechanisms to organize interactions for innovation, government actors have been identified (INIA, SENASA, Agrarian Agencies); private companies (CORDESA Camaná, commercial houses, phytosanitary companies), media, rice producers, a sociotechnical regime that constitutes the mills, financing entities, market information and marketing agents, forming a network of social and economic actors, which interact with each other for the adoption of rice varieties. The livelihoods of producers have been favored by human, social, natural, financial and political capital. The increase in yields and a better price of the product allows them to improve their economies.Ítem Anthocyanins in relation to nutrients, stomatal density, and yield of purple lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) fertilized with compost based on bleaching earth(Brazilian Journal of Biology, 2025-03-06) Caira Mamani,Cirilo MarioIn Peru, in recent years, the gastronomic boom has stood out globally, which has increased the production of edible oil in the oil industries, generating too much bleaching land. This study investigated anthocyanins in relation to nutrients, stomata density and yield of purple lettuce nourished with bleaching soil-based compost. The objective was to analyze the concentration of anthocyanins as a function of nutrients, stomata density and yield of purple lettuce nourished with such compost. It is based on a methodology applied with an experimental approach; for which the statistical model of the Completely Randomized Block Design was used, consisting of 3 blocks and 5 treatments which were T1 with 0, T2 with 6, T3 with 8, T4 with 10 and T5 with 12 t/ha of compost based on bleaching soil and the doses were applied 15 days after transplanting. Total plant length, plant height, plant weight, commercial yield, and equatorial diameter were evaluated. Additionally, the concentration of nutrients in leaves (Nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, molybdenum, iron, manganese, copper, zinc, boron, chlorides, and sodium), anthocyanin, stomatal density, and profitability. The results determined that T5 stood out in total plant length with 32 cm, plant height with 27 cm, plant weight with 200.27 g, commercial yield with 23.57 t/ha and equatorial diameter with 16.17 cm. Total nitrogen supply was 255.1 kg/ha. Nutrient concentrations in leaves were phosphorus, sulfur, molybdenum, manganese, copper, zinc and boron. Stomata density in leaves with 118 stomata/mm2. Profitability with 129% and anthocyanin concentration in T2 leaves with 89.25 mg/100g. It is concluded that adequate anthocyanin concentration in T5 , with 62.86 mg/100 g, influenced the concentration of most nutrients and greater density of stomata in the leaves, acting as a defense mechanism against nutritional and environmental stress, obtaining higher yields, 30% higher compared to the control.Ítem Biological and chemical characterization in relation to the yield of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) nourished with humus from plant residues(Brazilian Journal of Biology, 2025-06-03) Caira Mamani,Cirilo MarioThe food crisis in Peru has intensified due to the increase in the costs of raw materials, such as energy sources, fertilizers, and other industrial inputs, as a result of global socioeconomic instability. For this reason, research was conducted on the antioxidant in relation to nutrition, stomatal density, and yield in cilantro nourished with compost leachate based on vegetable waste (CLPW). The objective was to analyze the antioxidants in relation to nutrition, stomatal density, and the yield of cilantro nourished with CLPW. The methodology was based on an applied experimental approach, so the statistical model of completely randomized block design was employed, which consisted of 3 blocks and 5 treatments: T1 with 0, T2 with 2, T3 with 3, T4 with 4, and T5 with 5 liters of CLPW per 200 liters of water. The doses were applied 15 and 30 days after planting. The data obtained from the physical characteristics of cilantro, such as total length, plant weight, number of leaves, and commercial yield, were processed using analysis of variance and the Duncan test. Additionally, the concentration of nutrients (nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, molybdenum, iron, manganese, copper, zinc, boron, chlorides, and sodium), antioxidant capacity, stomatal density in leaves, and profitability were evaluated. The results determined that T5 stood out in total length with 55.23 cm, plant weight with 79.63 g, number of leaves with 162, and commercial yield with 27.017 t/ha. Regarding nutrient concentration, T5 stood out in calcium, magnesium, iron, boron, and chlorides, with a profitability of 334%. T4 stood out in antioxidant capacity with 4638.1 μmol Trolox/100 g sample, while T1 showed the highest stomatal density with 143 stomata/mm2. In conclusion, T4, with 4638.1 μmol Trolox/100 g sample, exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity. However, T5, with 4212.8 μmol Trolox/100 g sample, promoted greater nutrient absorption, lower stomatal density, and other biochemical reactions, which resulted in strengthening against environmental stress and, consequently, higher yield.Ítem Consumo de hierbas medicinales para aliviar síntomas de afecciones respiratorias y COVID-19(Vive en Salud, 2022-10-27) Caira Mamani,Cirilo MarioCon el brote de COVID-19, se incrementó el consumo de plantas medicinales a raíz de su fácil, económica disponibilidad y conocimientos empíricos de sus propiedades medicinales y efectos terapéuticos para algunas enfermedades. Esta realidad de consumo de hierbas medicinales para aliviar síntomas de afecciones respiratorias y COVID-19, motivó la presente investigación. Objetivo. Determinar el grado de asociación entre el consumo de hierbas medicinales y su efecto en alivio de síntomas del virus. Materiales y método. La metodología se basa en estudio descriptivo, enfoque cuantitativo, prospectivo. Se recolectó los datos desde febrero hasta mayo del 2021 con una muestra de 400 personas que comprendió ambos sexos. Se encuestó sobre ¿Qué hierbas medicinales consumieron en forma de infusión? y ¿Con qué frecuencia consumen para aliviar los síntomas relacionados a afecciones respiratorias y COVID-19? Resultados. Los resultados determinaron que las hierbas medicinales de mayor consumo fueron Matico (Buddleja globosa), Eucalipto (Eucalyptus globulus), Escorzonera (Perezia multiflora) y Huamanripa (Senecio tephrosioides); con una frecuencia de 2 a 3 veces por día y 4 o 5 días por semana; marzo se obtuvo 3% consumo de Huamanripa y mayo 6% de hierbas combinada para afecciones respiratorias y COVID-19 respectivamente, febrero con 29% para afecciones respiratorias y mayo con 73% para dolencias del COVID-19. Sintieron alivio al ingerir infusiones de hierbas medicinales en mayo con 79% y coeficiente de determinación de 0.9984 que indica una alta asociación. Conclusiones. Al analizar los datos entre consumo de hierbas medicinales y alivio de síntomas de COVID-19, se obtuvo una alta correlación; por lo tanto, indica que alivia los síntomas.Ítem Efecto de la Eichhornia crassipes sobre la concentración de nutrientes del agua residual de la poza de oxidación Ñunya Jalca_Utcubamba_2023(Universidad Nacional de Jaén, 2025-07-07) Bustamante Sosa,Thalia Milagros; Vera Delgado,Betsy Nayelli; Caira Mamani,Cirilo Mario; Vera Zelada,PersiLa fitorremediación es una técnica que emplea plantas para tratar aguas residuales, reduciendo contaminantes como nutrientes y compuestos orgánicos. Este estudio evaluó el impacto de Eichhornia crassipes sobre los nutrientes en el agua residual de la poza de oxidación de Ñunya Jalca, Utcubamba, Se aplicó tratamientos con diferentes coberturas de la planta (T1 = 25%, T2 = 50%, T3 = 75%, T4 = 100%) y un control sin cobertura. Inicialmente, se analizaron parámetros como nutrientes, pH, conductividad eléctrica y turbidez. Después de 15 días, se reevaluaron las concentraciones de nutrientes. Los resultados indicaron que en el T4 fue eficiente en la remoción de fosfatos (82.12%). En contraste, los nitratos presentaron un incremento en la mayoría de los tratamientos, salvo en T1, (52.12%). Los tratamientos T2R2, T3 y T4R2 registraron aumento de concentraciones entre 0.398 y 1.696 mg NO3 -/L. El análisis estadístico reveló que la Eichhornia crassipes no tiene un efecto significativo en la eliminación de nitratos (F0 = 1.658 < Fα,k-1,N-k = 4.066), pero sí en la reducción de fosfatos (F0 = 11.912 > Fα,k-1,N-k = 4.066). Los resultados obtenidos nos brindan la oportunidad de implementar en el futuro la fitoremediación en el centro poblado de Ñunya JalcaÍtem Efecto del pH sobre la eficacia del policloruro de aluminio en la remoción de materia orgánica de las aguas residuales del camal municipal Jaén(Universidad Nacional de Jaén, 2025-08-12) Pérez Guevara,Evelyn Fiorela; Caira Mamani,Cirilo Mario; Vera Zelada,PersiEl presente estudio, titulado “Efecto del pH sobre la eficacia del policloruro de aluminio en la remoción de materia orgánica de las aguas residuales del camal municipal- Jaén” tuvo como propósito evaluar cómo influye el pH en la eficacia del policloruro de aluminio (PAC) para reducir la materia orgánica presente en las aguas residuales del camal municipal de Jaén. Esta investigación surge de la preocupación por el impacto ambiental que generan estas descargas y la necesidad de encontrar métodos de tratamiento más efectivos. Se tomaron muestras de agua con alto contenido orgánico, las cuales fueron ajustadas a diferentes niveles de pH (6, 7, 8 y 9) para luego aplicar el tratamiento con PAC. El proceso incluyó una agitación controlada seguida de un periodo de sedimentación. Los resultados mostraron que el PAC tiene mejor desempeño en condiciones de pH neutro o ligeramente ácido, logrando eliminar hasta un 85% de la DQO y un 88% de la turbidez. En cambio, cuando el pH fue más alcalino, su efectividad disminuyó considerablemente, con valores inferiores al 60%. Estos hallazgos demuestran que el pH es un factor determinante para el éxito del proceso de coagulación-floculación, lo que refuerza la necesidad de controlarlo adecuadamente. Esta investigación aporta datos concretos que pueden ayudar a mejorar los sistemas de tratamiento de aguas residuales en instalaciones similares.Ítem Efectos del ácido indolacético en la propagación vegetativa de Ficus gigantosyce Dugand y Ficus macbridei Standl(Universidad Nacional de Jaén, 2025-09-22) Garcia Frias,Larry Dustin; Ocaña Zúñiga,Candy Lisbeth; Caira Mamani,Cirilo MarioEl ácido indolacético (AIA) es una hormona exógena que estimula la formación de nuevos tejidos, y su influencia durante la propagación vegetativa (generación de brotes y raíces) es ideal para el prendimiento de estacas. El objetivo principal del presente trabajo fue determinar la influencia del AIA en la propagación vegetativa de Ficus gigantosyce Dugand y Ficus macbridei Standl. Se empleó un diseño factorial de bloques completamente aleatorios; los factores de estudio fueron dos tipos de especies y seis dosis de AIA (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 y 250 mg) con cinco repeticiones de cada tratamiento en tres bloques. La aplicación del AIA fue por el método pastoso, pero antes se le aplicó una escarificación en la corteza (1 a 2 milímetros), y las estacas tuvieron características de 15 cm de longitud. Además, el sustrato utilizado fue de una proporción de 15:30:45 (arena de río, arcilla y tierra de un bosque secundario). Los resultados demostraron que solo la especie de F. macbridei logró propágulos exitosos en las dosis de 50 y 200 miligramos de AIA. En conclusión, las estacas tratadas con AIA tuvieron efectos positivos en la propagación vegetativa de F. macbridei bajo condiciones diferentes a las de los árboles progenitoresÍtem Effect of rhizobium and gibberellin on the production of hydroponic green forage of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) variety quiñequeli(Brazilian Journal of Biology, 2023-10-31) Caira Mamani,Cirilo MarioThe purpose of the present investigation was to determine the effect of rhizobium and gibberellin on the production of hydroponic green forage from red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) variety quiñequeli, four variables were measured: plant height, biomass weight, grass weight and root weight. The treatments were T0: 0%, T1: 10%, T2: 20%, T3: 30% and T4: 40% of Rhizobium before germination and Gibberellin T0: 0g, T1: 2.4g; T2: 3.3g; T3: 4.3 and T4: 5.3g each treatment with 6 repetitions, three applications on days 5, 10, 15 and 20 of growth. Data were analyzed with DCA, ANOVA and DUNCAN's multiple comparisons test; the results obtained were: first measurement with rhizobium without gibberellin there were no statistical differences, second and third measurement with Gibberellin application did not present statistical differences and the fourth measurement presented statistical difference (α=0.05), average height of the plant with a mean of 12.82 cm, T4 was higher, in biomass a statistical difference was obtained with a mean of 3.056 kg, T3 was higher, weight of grass and root did not present statistical differences; concluding that the use of rhizobium and gibberellin could be a usable alternative in the production of hydroponic green fodder, to alleviate the problems of fodder scarcity in dry season, its use being recommended in high Andean livestockÍtem Increase in anthocyanins and their relationship with nutrition, stomatal density, and yield of purple lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) nourished with humus based on vegetable waste(Brazilian Journal of Biology, 2025-07-21) Caira Mamani,Cirilo MarioGlobal food security faces challenges due to the geopolitical situation, climate change, unhealthy diets, and the post-pandemic period. In Peru, the effects of the socioeconomic crisis were also felt, especially in the increase in food prices. For this reason, research was conducted on the increase of anthocyanins and their relationship with nutrition, stomatal density, and the yield of purple lettuce nourished with humus based on vegetable waste (HBVW). The objective was to determine the increase in anthocyanins in relation to nutrition, stomatal density, and the yield of purple lettuce nourished with HBVW. The methodology is based on applied research with an experimental approach; for this, a completely randomized block design was used, consisting of 3 blocks and 5 treatments, which were T1 with 0, T2 with 6, T3 with 8, T4 with 10, and T5 with 12 t ha-1 of HBVW. The doses were applied 15 days after transplanting, and physical characteristics were evaluated (total plant length, weight of purple lettuce, diameter of purple lettuce, and commercial yield), nutrient concentration in leaves (nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, molybdenum, iron, manganese, copper, zinc, boron, chlorides, and sodium), anthocyanin concentration, total nitrogen, and phosphorus consumption. Also the stomatal density and profitability. Results determined that T5 stood out in total plant length with 28.90 cm, lettuce weight with 96.33 g, diameter with 17.07 cm, and commercial yield with 19.387 t ha-1. Total nitrogen consumption with 291.44 kg ha-1 and total phosphorus pentoxide consumption with 412.98 kg ha-1 and profitability with 88.4%. Nutrient concentration in T4 leaves with sulfur, molybdenum, manganese, copper, zinc, and boron. Anthocyanin concentration T2 with 364.62 mg/100 g and stomatal density T1 with 460 stomata/mm2. He concluded that the appropriate dose (T4) significantly stood out in anthocyanin concentration and yield. This dose provided nutrients to the soil that improved availability for greater absorption by the plant, which influenced higher nutrient concentration and an adequate number of stomata in the leaves. These biochemical characteristics optimized the reactions of photosynthesis, carbohydrate formation, and translocation and increased anthocyanin synthesis. Resulting in a strengthening against nutritional and environmental stress, pests, and reactive oxygen species (ROS).Ítem Influence of nutrition with leachate based on compost from vegetable waste on the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of radish (Raphanus sativus L.)(Brazilian Journal of Biology, 2025-02-16) Caira Mamani,Cirilo MarioThe economic instability in Peru was influenced by the post-pandemic period, the war between Russia and Ukraine, and the geopolitical confrontation between the United States and China, which caused an increase in fertilizer prices. The reason why the influence of nutrition with leachate based on compost from vegetable waste (LBCVW) on the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of radish was investigated. The objective was to analyze the influence of foliar nutrition with LBCVW on the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the radish. It was based on applied research with an experimental approach, so the Completely Randomized Block Design statistical model was used, which consisted of 3 blocks and 5 treatments: T1 with 0, T2 with 2, T3 with 3, T4 with 4, and T5 with 5 liters of LBCVW/200 liters of water, and the application was made 14 and 21 days after sowing. Once the data on total plant length, plant weight, commercial yield, and equatorial diameter were obtained, they were processed using analysis of variance and Duncan's test. The concentration of nutrients (nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, molybdenum, iron, manganese, copper, zinc, boron, chlorides, and sodium), the starch percentage, the stomatal density in leaves, and the profitability were determined. The results determined that T5 stood out in total plant length with 40.26 cm, plant weight with 126.32 g, commercial yield with 39.445 t/ha, and equatorial diameter with 4.72 cm. In stomatal density with 586 stomata/mm2 and profitability with 338.6%, and T2 in nutrient concentration such as magnesium, molybdenum, iron, manganese, boron, and starch percentage with 4.55%. It concludes that T5 stood out for its concentration of phosphorus and calcium, higher stomatal density, and lower starch percentage in the leaves. These characteristics influenced the optimization of biochemical reactions such as transpiration, photosynthesis, and the formation and translocation of carbohydrates towards the reserve (bulb), among others. As a result, greater resistance to nutritional and environmental stress was evidenced, achieving a higher yield of 39.445 t/ha, which represents a 24.54% increase compared to T1.Ítem Photosynthetic modification of plants through recent technologies: a valuable way to ensure crop fortification(Brazilian Journal of Biology, 2023-04-23) Caira Mamani,Cirilo MarioThe 2030 Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations include a strong emphasis on ending hunger worldwide. According to the 2019 Global Food Security Index, while 88% of countries claim there is sufficient food supply in their country, the sad reality is that 1 in 3 countries is facing insufficient availability of food supply, which means that in those countries, more than 10% of the population is malnourished. Since nutrition is crucial to leading a healthy life and satisfying food security needs, several governments have turned to national nutrition surveys to gauge the extent of malnutrition in their populations. Plants are able to grow, develop, and store nutrients by photosynthesis, which convert light into chemical energy through cell redox regulatory networks. A photosynthesis system’s electron flow may be adjusted to accommodate varying light and environmental circumstances. Many techniques exist for controlling the flow of electrons emitted during light processes in order to save or waste energy. The two protein molecules TROL and flavoenzyme ferredoxin (oxidoreductase+NADP) (FNR) interact dynamically to form an excellent molecular switch capable of splitting electrons from the photosystem. The TROL-FNR bifurcation may be limited by either generating NADPH or preventing reactive oxygen species from propagating. TROL-based genome editing is an experimental method for enhancing plant stress and defensive responses, efficiency, and ultimately agricultural production.Ítem Spatial Distribution of Soil Organic Carbon in Relation to Land Use, Based on the Weighted Overlay Technique in the High Andean Ecosystem of Puno—Peru(MDPI, 2023-06-23) Caira Mamani,Cirilo MarioSoil organic carbon (SOC) is a crucial componentoftheplanet andisessential for agriculture development. Our region is known for its livestock and agricultural activities. Hence, understanding Citation: Canaza, D.; Calizaya, E.; Chambi, W.; Calizaya, F.; Mindani, C.; Cuentas, O.; Caira, C.; Huacani, W. Spatial Distribution of Soil Organic Carbon in Relation to Land Use, Based on the Weighted Overlay Technique in the High Andean Ecosystem of Puno—Peru. Sustainability 2023, 15, 10316. https://doi.org/10.3390/ su151310316 Academic Editor: Cristian-Valeriu Patriche Received: 31 May 2023 Revised: 16 June 2023 Accepted: 27 June 2023 Published: 29 June 2023 Copyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). the spatial distribution of SOC is crucial for sustainable land management of soils in the mountain ecosystems in the Andes. The methodology consisted of obtaining 53 soil samples from depths of 0 to 105 cm, which were analyzed to obtain SOC (Kg/m2) and organic matter (OM) (%). Ordinary kriging, a geostatistical method, was used to determine SOC. Pearson’s statistical method was applied to determine the association between SOC and precipitation, temperature, altitude, and organic matter and gave acceptable correlations of 0.38, 0.32, 0.40, and 0.59. These results were used to apply weighting criteria for climatological and environmental variables. The weighted overlay tool was used for modeling and mapping the spatial variability of SOC. The estimated spatial distribution of SOC in the micro-watershed reveals an increasing trend from south to north, specifically within the 0–20 cm depth profile. The study confirmed through the spatial analysis that regions with intensive agriculture have low reserves (Ítem Unveiling Ancestral Sustainability: A Comprehensive Study of Economic, Environmental, and Social Factors in Potato and Quinoa Cultivation in the Highland Aynokas of Puno, Per(MDPI, 2023-09-01) Caira Mamani,Cirilo MarioCenturies of cultivation in the Highland Aynoka of Puno, Peru, have endowed indigenous crops such as potato and quinoa with rich cultural and nutritional value deeply ingrained in local traditions. This study meticulously evaluates their economic viability, environmental implications, Comprehensive Study of Economic, Environmental, and Social Factors in Potato and Quinoa Cultivation in the Highland Aynokas of Puno, Peru. Sustainability 2023, 15, 13163. https://doi.org/10.3390/ su151713163 AcademicEditor: K˛estutis Venslauskas Received: 23 July 2023 Revised: 21 August 2023 Accepted: 30 August 2023 Published: 1 September 2023 Copyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). and cultural importance by employing a mixed-methods research approach involving surveys, interviews, and observations. The outcome reveals that while the Economic Sustainability Index (EKI) moderately supports potato and quinoa production sustainability, with a value of 2.98, it falls short of significant impact. Conversely, the Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI) and the Social Sustainability Index (SSI) exhibit moderate levels of sustainability, recording values of 4.04 and 3.38 for ESI and SSI, respectively. These crops demonstrate acceptable economic feasibility, marked by consistent sales, income generation, and manageable production expenses. The findings underscore the urgency of endorsing sustainable farming methods to safeguard cultural heritage, boost market prospects, and fortify regional ecological robustness. Rooted in ancestral sustainability, potato and quinoa cultivation is a cornerstone in local food systems. Recognizing the cultural, economic, and environmental significance inherent to these crops, efforts can be channeled towards nurturing sustainable agricultural systems that uphold community well-being, conserve biodiversity, and facilitate cultural resilience in Puno’s Highland Aynoka.Ítem Use of organic fertilizers with microbes for improving maize growth, physiology and soil properties(Brazilian Journal of Biology, 2023-09-07) Caira Mamani,Cirilo MarioIntegrated nutrient management is a promising way to avoid plant nutrient shortages because of the positive relationship between the bioavailability of nutrients and greater economic interest in their application through organic amendments and microbial application. To examine how compost, charcoal, and rhizobium influence maize development, an experiment was set up in a container. In addition to the appropriate amounts of nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium, the soil in the allotted pots was treated with 50 ml of rhizobium, 5 tonnes of compost, and 2.5 tonnes of biochar before maize seeds were planted. A total of nine treatments (with three replicates each) were arranged in a completely randomized design for this experiment. Various agronomic, chemical, and physiological data were measured and recorded after the crop was harvested 110 days after sowing. The results showed that when biochar, compost, and rhizobium were applied together, the root fresh biomass rose by 43.4%, the root dry biomass increased by 38.3%, and the shoot length increased by 61.7%, compared to the control treatment. Chlorophyll content (41.3% higher), photosynthetic rate (58.5% higher), transpiration rate (64.4% higher), quantum yield (32.6% higher), and stomatal conductivity (25.3% higher) were all significantly improved compared to the control. Soil levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were also improved with this treatment compared to the control. The combined use of biochar, compost, and rhizobium was more successful than any of the components used individually in boosting maize yields. Based on the findings of our study, the integration of rhizobium, biochar, and compost within a unified treatment shown a substantial enhancement in both the growth and yield of maize.