Artículos Científicos UNJ

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Políticas públicas para afrontar sequías en el Perú
(Revista de Climatología, 2022-06-29) Garrido Campaña,Zadith Nancy
El presente estudio se refirió a las Políticas Públicas para afrontar sequías en el Perú, aludiendo a la Estrategia Nacional de Lucha Contra la Desertificación y la Sequía en el Perú (ENLCDS) por ser un importante instrumento de gestión que promueve la participación y movilización de actores públicos y privados, para ejecutar acciones orientadas a promover el manejo sostenible de la tierra (MST), siendo este artículo de valía porque trae acotación el llamado a las instituciones peruanas responsables de esta problemática a que puedan priorizarlo por ser el Perú uno de los países con mayor extensión de tierras secas en América del Sur, en donde la sequía puede causar mayores consecuencias; describiéndose las sequías meteorológicas en la provincia de Candarave, Departamento de Tacna; Perú.
The convolutional neural network as a tool to classify electroencephalography data resulting from the consumption of juice sweetened with caloric or non-caloric sweeteners
(2022-07-19) Arteaga Miñano, Hubert Luzdemio
Sweetener type can influence sensory properties and consumer’s acceptance and preference for low-calorie products. An ideal sweetener does not exist, and each sweetener must be used in situations to which it is best suited. Aspartame and sucralose can be good substitutes for sucrose in passion fruit juice. Despite the interest in artificial sweeteners, little is known about how artificial sweeteners are processed in the human brain. Here, we applied the convolutional neural network (CNN) to evaluate brain signals of 11 healthy subjects when they tasted passion fruit juice equivalently sweetened with sucrose (9.4 g/100 g), sucralose (0.01593 g/100 g), or aspartame (0.05477 g/100 g). Electroencephalograms were recorded for two sites in the gustatory cortex (i.e., C3 and C4). Data with artifacts were disregarded, and the artifact-free data were used to feed a Deep Neural Network with tree branches that applied a Convolutions and pooling for different feature filtering and selection. The CNN received raw signal as input for multiclass classification and with supervised training was able to extract underling features and patterns from the signal with better performance than handcrafted filters like FFT. Our results indicated that CNN is an useful tool for electroencephalography (EEG) analyses and classification of perceptually similar tastes.
Sistema Experto para Orientar a los Usuarios del Corredor Turístico de las Provincias de Jaén, San Ignacio y Utcubamba en Cajamarca, Perú
(International Journal of Professional Business Review, 2022-08-29) Arce Fernández,Nilthon
Purpose: Develop a rule-based expert system to guide the users of the tourist corridor of the provinces of Jaén, San Ignacio and Utcubamba (Peru). Theoretical framework: Hussein and Aqel (2015), developed a rule-based expert system in Jordan to choose the best tour package based on time, budget, and preferences. In Peru, Ramos and Valdivia (2017), proposed an expert system to promote tourism in the Lambayeque region. Methodology: To develop the system, the methodology of Nicolás Kemper was used. Tourism experts from the provinces participated in the development of the knowledge base. The evaluation was carried out with an expert different from those who prepared the aforementioned base. Findings: In the evaluation, the expert system and the human expert agreed on the recommendation of tourist attractions by 80%. Concluding that this system helps tourists in making decisions about which places to visit in the tourist corridor. Contributions: The system helps improve the dissemination of local tourist information. To develop the knowledge base, tourism resources were systematized. New variables can be incorporated into the knowledge base in order to obtain more personalized tourist recommendations. Originality/value: This research is innovative because there is no expert system to guide tourists who want to travel to these places; it has social relevance as it helps to boost the local economy.
Detection of Rust Emergence in Coffee Plantations using Data Mining: A Systematic Review
(OnLine Journal of Biological Sciences, 2022-09-03) Ocaña Zúñiga,Candy Lisbeth; Quiñones Huatangari,Lenin; Huaccha Castillo,Annick Estefany; Milla Pino,Manuel Emilio
Hemileia vastatrix is a fungus that causes coffee rust disease and, depending on the level of severity, reduces the photosynthetic capacity of the plant and of new shoots, leading to low coffee yields and even death; its symptoms are visible on the leaf. Systems based on computer algorithms have been developed to predict diseases and pests in coffee. The objective of the manuscript was to analyse the detection of rust occurrence in coffee plantations, through field determinations of climatological, agronomic and crop management variables using data mining algorithms. A systematic review of studies published from 2001 to 2021 was carried out in the Scopus, Ebsco Host and Scielo databases, considering as an inclusion criterion the works that used experimental design in data collection. The studies included in this review were 22, 64% of which came from the top two coffee-roducing countries in Latin America (Brazil and Colombia); the analysis of these studies revealed that the input variables were climatic, soil fertility properties, management and physical properties of the crops. In addition, they used supervised (decision tree, artificial neural networks, multiple linear regression, among others) and unsupervised (clustering) algorithms, with the support of experts in the study of the fungus and used statistics such as coefficient of determination, root mean square error, among others, to validate the proposals. Overall, this systematic review provides evidence of the effectiveness of data mining algorithms implemented to detect the occurrence of rust in coffee plantation
The vulnerability of a centralized food system: An opportunity to improve food security in times of COVID-19-Peru perspective
(Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 2022-09-12) Hernández Martínez,Ernesto
COVID-19 has had a strong impact on the food supply chain (FSC) in many countries. The objective of this study was to determine the vulnerability of the FSC in a developing country, namely Peru. The main weakness of the FSC is its centralization, and COVID-19 aggravated this deficit in Peru. This prevents its stability on a large scale, especially in rural areas, which suffer from food and nutritional insecurity. In spite of this, the food system was stabilized due to agricultural, livestock and fishing potential of Peru. In addition, the efforts of local producers and informal vendors helped to maintain the availability of food throughout the country. Several examples of short (and decentralized) FSC were described, highlighting their importance for supplying the population in different areas of the country. In addition, they allow for rapid resolution of interruptions such as the current health crisis. Also mentioned are some suggestions for strengthening Peru's FSC such as the use of new technologies, self-production of food and the exploitation of non-conventional food sources. Emphasis is placed on the importance of environmental sustainability of the FSC and of implementing strategies to prevent illness among workers. This study aims to reflect on the importance of having a resilient and flexible FSC. Taking Peru as a model, the information provided is useful to understand how to improve the food system through the intervention of all the agents involved, such as government, academia, industry and the population.
Phenolic compounds versus SARS-CoV-2: An update on the main findings against COVID-19 (5.0)
(Helyon, 2022-09-14) Hernández Martínez,Ernesto
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 remains an international concern. Although there are drugs to fight it, new natural alternatives such as polyphenols are essential due to their antioxidant activity and high antiviral potential. In this context, this review reports the main findings on the effect of phenolic compounds (PCs) against SARS-CoV-2 virus. First, the proven activity of PCs against different human viruses is briefly detailed, which serves as a starting point to study their anti-COVID-19 potential. SARS-CoV-2 targets (its proteins) are defined. Findings from in silico, in vitro and in vivo studies of a wide variety of phenolic compounds are shown, emphasizing their mechanism of action, which is fundamental for drug design. Furthermore, clinical trials have demonstrated the effectiveness of PCs in the prevention and as a possible therapeutic management against COVID-19. The results were complemented with information on the influence of polyphenols in strengthening/modulating the immune system. It is recommended to investigate compounds such as vitamins, minerals, alkaloids, triterpenes and fatty acids, and their synergistic use with PCs, many of which have been successful against SARS-CoV-2. Based on findings on other viruses, synergistic evaluation of PCs with accepted drugs against COVID-19 is also suggested. Other recommendations and limitations are also shown, which is useful for professionals involved in the development of efficient, safe and low-cost therapeutic strategies based on plant matrices rich in PCs. To the authors' knowledge, this manuscript is the first to evaluate the relationship between the antiviral and immunomodulatory (including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects) activity of PCs and their underlying mechanisms in relation to the fight against COVID-19. It is also of interest for the general population to be informed about the importance of consuming foods rich in bioactive compounds for their health benefits
Effect of antifreeze proteins on the freeze-thaw cycle of foods: fundamentals, mechanisms of action, current challenges and recommendations for future work
(Helyon, 2022-09-30) Hernández Martínez,Ernesto; Bazán Tantaleán,Delicia Liliana
Freezing is widely used in food preservation, but if not carried out properly, ice crystals can multiply (nucleation) or grow (recrystallization) rapidly. This also affects thawing, causing structural damage and affecting overall quality. The objective of this review is to comprehensively study the cryoprotective effect of antifreeze proteins (AFPs), highlighting their role in the freeze-thaw process of food. The properties of AFPs are based on their thermal hysteresis capacity (THC), on the modification of crystal morphology and on the inhibition of ice recrystallization. The mechanism of action of AFPs is based on the adsorption-inhibition theory, but the specific role of hydrogen and hydrophobic bonds/residues and structural characteristics is also detailed. Because of the properties of AFPs, they have been successfully used to preserve the quality of a wide variety of refrigerated and frozen foods. Among the limitations of the use of AFPs, the high cost of production stands out, but currently there are solutions such as the use the production of recombinant proteins, cloning and chemical synthesis. Although in vitro, in vivo and human studies have shown that AFPs are non-toxic, their safety remains a matter of debate. Further studies are recommended to expand knowledge about AFPs, to reduce costs in their large-scale production, to understand their interaction with other food compounds and their possible effects on the consumer.
Consumo de hierbas medicinales para aliviar síntomas de afecciones respiratorias y COVID-19
(Vive en Salud, 2022-10-27) Caira Mamani,Cirilo Mario
Con el brote de COVID-19, se incrementó el consumo de plantas medicinales a raíz de su fácil, económica disponibilidad y conocimientos empíricos de sus propiedades medicinales y efectos terapéuticos para algunas enfermedades. Esta realidad de consumo de hierbas medicinales para aliviar síntomas de afecciones respiratorias y COVID-19, motivó la presente investigación. Objetivo. Determinar el grado de asociación entre el consumo de hierbas medicinales y su efecto en alivio de síntomas del virus. Materiales y método. La metodología se basa en estudio descriptivo, enfoque cuantitativo, prospectivo. Se recolectó los datos desde febrero hasta mayo del 2021 con una muestra de 400 personas que comprendió ambos sexos. Se encuestó sobre ¿Qué hierbas medicinales consumieron en forma de infusión? y ¿Con qué frecuencia consumen para aliviar los síntomas relacionados a afecciones respiratorias y COVID-19? Resultados. Los resultados determinaron que las hierbas medicinales de mayor consumo fueron Matico (Buddleja globosa), Eucalipto (Eucalyptus globulus), Escorzonera (Perezia multiflora) y Huamanripa (Senecio tephrosioides); con una frecuencia de 2 a 3 veces por día y 4 o 5 días por semana; marzo se obtuvo 3% consumo de Huamanripa y mayo 6% de hierbas combinada para afecciones respiratorias y COVID-19 respectivamente, febrero con 29% para afecciones respiratorias y mayo con 73% para dolencias del COVID-19. Sintieron alivio al ingerir infusiones de hierbas medicinales en mayo con 79% y coeficiente de determinación de 0.9984 que indica una alta asociación. Conclusiones. Al analizar los datos entre consumo de hierbas medicinales y alivio de síntomas de COVID-19, se obtuvo una alta correlación; por lo tanto, indica que alivia los síntomas.
A comprehensive review of the benefits of drinking craft beer: Role of phenolic content in health and possible potential of the alcoholic fraction
(Current Research in Food Science, 2023-03-08) Hernández Martínez,Ernesto; Minchán Velayarce,Hans Himbler; Pasapera Campos,Sandra Eloisa
Currently, there is greater production and consumption of craft beer due to its appreciated sensory characteristics. Unlike conventional beer, craft beers provide better health benefits due to their varied and high content of phenolic compounds (PCs) and also due to their alcohol content, but the latter is controversial. The purpose of this paper was to report on the alcoholic fraction and PCs present in craft beers and their influence on health. Despite the craft beer boom, there are few studies on the topic; there is a lot of field to explore. The countries with the most research are the United States > Italy > Brazil > United Kingdom > Spain. The type and amount of PCs in craft beers depends on the ingredients and strains used, as well as the brewing process. It was determined that it is healthier to be a moderate consumer of alcohol than to be a teetotaler or heavy drinker. Thus, studies in vitro, with animal models and clinical trials on cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, diabetes and obesity, osteoporosis and even the immune system suggest the consumption of craft beer. However, more studies with more robust designs are required to obtain more generalizable and conclusive results. Finally, some challenges in the production of craft beer were detailed and some alternative solutions were mentioned.
Photosynthetic modification of plants through recent technologies: a valuable way to ensure crop fortification
(Brazilian Journal of Biology, 2023-04-23) Caira Mamani,Cirilo Mario
The 2030 Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations include a strong emphasis on ending hunger worldwide. According to the 2019 Global Food Security Index, while 88% of countries claim there is sufficient food supply in their country, the sad reality is that 1 in 3 countries is facing insufficient availability of food supply, which means that in those countries, more than 10% of the population is malnourished. Since nutrition is crucial to leading a healthy life and satisfying food security needs, several governments have turned to national nutrition surveys to gauge the extent of malnutrition in their populations. Plants are able to grow, develop, and store nutrients by photosynthesis, which convert light into chemical energy through cell redox regulatory networks. A photosynthesis system’s electron flow may be adjusted to accommodate varying light and environmental circumstances. Many techniques exist for controlling the flow of electrons emitted during light processes in order to save or waste energy. The two protein molecules TROL and flavoenzyme ferredoxin (oxidoreductase+NADP) (FNR) interact dynamically to form an excellent molecular switch capable of splitting electrons from the photosystem. The TROL-FNR bifurcation may be limited by either generating NADPH or preventing reactive oxygen species from propagating. TROL-based genome editing is an experimental method for enhancing plant stress and defensive responses, efficiency, and ultimately agricultural production.
Application of the Greenhouse Gas Protocol (GHG Protocol) and the ISO 14064-1: 2006 standard for the estimation of the carbon footprint at the National University of Jaen in 2021
(Universidad Nacional de Colombia||DYNA, 2023-05-31) Ocaña Zúñiga,Candy Lisbeth
The objective of the study is to estimate the Carbon Footprint of the National University of Jaen (UNJ), for the period 2021. The direct Scope 1 (fuel consumption) and indirect Scope 2 (electricity consumption) greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were calculated from CO2, CH4 and N2O produced in 29 administrative offices of the university campus. The methodology used was proposed by the GHG Protocol and ISO 14064-1:2006. For fuel emission factors, the indicators established by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) were used, and for electrical energy: 1.56E-01 tCO2/MWh, 9.70E-06 tCH4/MWh, 1.20E-06 tN2O/MWh, and specific conversion factors established by the Ministry of the Environment (MINAM) were used. The results show that a total of 29.3937 tCO2eq were emitted, being CO2 the predominant GHG (23.1364 t). Scope 1 contributed 15,6827 tCO2eq, occupying the highest participation with 53.35 %
Gis and fuzzy logic approach for forest fire risk modeling in the Cajamarca region, Peru
(Growing Science, 2023-06-03) Ocaña Zúñiga,Candy Lisbeth
Forest fires are a potential threat to life, as they contribute to reducing forest areas, impact on the services we expect from ecosystems, the health of the inhabitants is affected by smoke and the economic costs for the recovery of affected areas is high. The objective of the study is to apply fuzzy logic to model the risk of forest fires in the Cajamarca-Peru region, incorporating variables that represent biological, topographic, socioeconomic, and meteorological factors. The analysis was based on the acquisition, editing and rasterization of the database, application of fuzzy membership functions and image fuzzification, fuzzy superposition and spatial reclassification of forest fire risk. The results obtained show that 71.68% of the area is under very low or medium forest fire risk. However, 28.32% of the study area has a high to very high fire risk, which makes the occurrence of fires susceptible to the lack of rain and water in the soil. It was found that biological, topographic, and socioeconomic factors with their respective variables are directly influenced by meteorological factor variables such as temperature, rainfall and water availability. Fuzzy logic offered flexibility in modeling wildfire risk in the region, proving to be a useful tool for predicting and mapping wildfire risk.
A comprehensive review on monitoring and purification of water through tunable 2D nanomaterials
(Brazilian Journal of Biology, 2023-06-09) Caira Mamani,Cirilo Mario
Instead of typical household trash, the heavy metal complexes, organic chemicals, and other poisons produced by huge enterprises threaten water systems across the world. In order to protect our drinking water from pollution, we must keep a close eye on the situation. Nanotechnology, specifically two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, is used in certain wastewater treatment systems. Graphene, g-C3 N4 , MoS2 , and MXene are just a few examples of emerging 2D nanomaterials that exhibit an extraordinary ratio of surface (m3), providing material consumption, time consumption, and treatment technique for cleaning and observing water. In this post, we’ll talk about the ways in which 2D nanomaterials may be tuned to perform certain functions, namely how they can be used for water management. The following is a quick overview of nanostructured materials and its possible use in water management: Also discussed in length are the applications of 2D nanomaterials in water purification, including pollutant adsorption, filtration, disinfection, and photocatalysis. Fluorescence sensors, colorimetric, electrochemical, and field-effect transistors are only some of the devices being studied for their potential use in monitoring water quality using 2D nanomaterials. Utilizing 2D content has its benefits and pitfalls when used to water management. New developments in this fast-expanding business will boost water treatment quality and accessibility in response to rising awareness of the need of clean, fresh water among future generations.
Spatial Distribution of Soil Organic Carbon in Relation to Land Use, Based on the Weighted Overlay Technique in the High Andean Ecosystem of Puno—Peru
(MDPI, 2023-06-23) Caira Mamani,Cirilo Mario
Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a crucial componentoftheplanet andisessential for agriculture development. Our region is known for its livestock and agricultural activities. Hence, understanding Citation: Canaza, D.; Calizaya, E.; Chambi, W.; Calizaya, F.; Mindani, C.; Cuentas, O.; Caira, C.; Huacani, W. Spatial Distribution of Soil Organic Carbon in Relation to Land Use, Based on the Weighted Overlay Technique in the High Andean Ecosystem of Puno—Peru. Sustainability 2023, 15, 10316. https://doi.org/10.3390/ su151310316 Academic Editor: Cristian-Valeriu Patriche Received: 31 May 2023 Revised: 16 June 2023 Accepted: 27 June 2023 Published: 29 June 2023 Copyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). the spatial distribution of SOC is crucial for sustainable land management of soils in the mountain ecosystems in the Andes. The methodology consisted of obtaining 53 soil samples from depths of 0 to 105 cm, which were analyzed to obtain SOC (Kg/m2) and organic matter (OM) (%). Ordinary kriging, a geostatistical method, was used to determine SOC. Pearson’s statistical method was applied to determine the association between SOC and precipitation, temperature, altitude, and organic matter and gave acceptable correlations of 0.38, 0.32, 0.40, and 0.59. These results were used to apply weighting criteria for climatological and environmental variables. The weighted overlay tool was used for modeling and mapping the spatial variability of SOC. The estimated spatial distribution of SOC in the micro-watershed reveals an increasing trend from south to north, specifically within the 0–20 cm depth profile. The study confirmed through the spatial analysis that regions with intensive agriculture have low reserves (
Optimization Model that Minimizes the Penalty Caused by Delayed Delivery of Construction Projects
(International Journal of Professional Business Review, 2023-07-20) Arce Fernández,Nilthon
Purpose: This work aims to minimize the penalty generated by delays in delivering construction projects operated by a single machine. Theoretical framework: The fundamental issues to develop this work are optimization and its application to delays in construction projects operated in their initial stage by a single machine. Design/Methodology/Approach: We presented a construction case study, developed an optimization model, implemented a computational optimization tool and obtained the optimal sequence to perform the tasks. Findings: The numerical results demonstrated the model’s usefulness in minimizing the penalty generated by delays in the delivery of projects. Research, practical & social implications: The benefit of this study is to help managers or decision-makers schedule their construction projects with limited resources and deadlines per activity to minimize penalty costs of delay. Originality/Value: Considering that the construction sector generates the largest labor force in Peru, the study has an important social value by providing a tool to improve operations and incentivize construction companies to continue operating. In addition, it provides a substantial basis for future work by applying optimization in a specific area of civil engineering. To our knowledge, no researcher or company in Peru has yet addressed this study.
Analysis of the biological and chemical characteristics of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. Capitata L.) Fed with compost based on sugarcane residues
(Brazilian Journal of Biology, 2023-08-28) Caira Mamani,Cirilo Mario
The pandemic and the geopolitical conflict between Russia and Ukraine are events that have caused economic instability in Peru. Reason that was investigated on the analysis of the biological and chemical characteristics of cabbage fed with compost based on sugarcane residues. The objective was to analyze the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of cabbage from the adequate dose of compost based on sugarcane residues and distance between plants. It is based on the methodology applied with an experimental approach, for which the Completely Random Block Design with a 4x 2 factorial arrangement was used, which consisted of 3 blocks and 8 treatments that were the combination: F1 with 0, F2 with 8, T3 with 10 and F4 with 12 t/ha and spacing (D1) with 0.30 m between plants and 0.60 m between rows and (D2) with 0.35 m between plants and 0.60 m between rows. The physical characteristics of cabbage were evaluated and processed by analysis of variance, nutrient concentrations in leaves and stomatal density were analyzed. The results determined that T7 stood out in plant height with 41.88 cm, yield with 26.76 tn/ha and T6 in root length with 20.22 cm. In chemical analysis of leaves T1 stood out in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and T4 in calcium, magnesium and sulfur. In T7 stomata density with 977 stomata/mm2. It concludes that at an adequate dose and greater distance that T7 stands out in the concentration of nutrients that are within normal values and high density of stomata; Therefore, these characteristics influenced the optimal biochemical reactions, which obtained good development and yield that differed at 51.39% and 32.17% with respect to the controls T1 and T5
Unveiling Ancestral Sustainability: A Comprehensive Study of Economic, Environmental, and Social Factors in Potato and Quinoa Cultivation in the Highland Aynokas of Puno, Per
(MDPI, 2023-09-01) Caira Mamani,Cirilo Mario
Centuries of cultivation in the Highland Aynoka of Puno, Peru, have endowed indigenous crops such as potato and quinoa with rich cultural and nutritional value deeply ingrained in local traditions. This study meticulously evaluates their economic viability, environmental implications, Comprehensive Study of Economic, Environmental, and Social Factors in Potato and Quinoa Cultivation in the Highland Aynokas of Puno, Peru. Sustainability 2023, 15, 13163. https://doi.org/10.3390/ su151713163 AcademicEditor: K˛estutis Venslauskas Received: 23 July 2023 Revised: 21 August 2023 Accepted: 30 August 2023 Published: 1 September 2023 Copyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). and cultural importance by employing a mixed-methods research approach involving surveys, interviews, and observations. The outcome reveals that while the Economic Sustainability Index (EKI) moderately supports potato and quinoa production sustainability, with a value of 2.98, it falls short of significant impact. Conversely, the Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI) and the Social Sustainability Index (SSI) exhibit moderate levels of sustainability, recording values of 4.04 and 3.38 for ESI and SSI, respectively. These crops demonstrate acceptable economic feasibility, marked by consistent sales, income generation, and manageable production expenses. The findings underscore the urgency of endorsing sustainable farming methods to safeguard cultural heritage, boost market prospects, and fortify regional ecological robustness. Rooted in ancestral sustainability, potato and quinoa cultivation is a cornerstone in local food systems. Recognizing the cultural, economic, and environmental significance inherent to these crops, efforts can be channeled towards nurturing sustainable agricultural systems that uphold community well-being, conserve biodiversity, and facilitate cultural resilience in Puno’s Highland Aynoka.
Use of organic fertilizers with microbes for improving maize growth, physiology and soil properties
(Brazilian Journal of Biology, 2023-09-07) Caira Mamani,Cirilo Mario
Integrated nutrient management is a promising way to avoid plant nutrient shortages because of the positive relationship between the bioavailability of nutrients and greater economic interest in their application through organic amendments and microbial application. To examine how compost, charcoal, and rhizobium influence maize development, an experiment was set up in a container. In addition to the appropriate amounts of nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium, the soil in the allotted pots was treated with 50 ml of rhizobium, 5 tonnes of compost, and 2.5 tonnes of biochar before maize seeds were planted. A total of nine treatments (with three replicates each) were arranged in a completely randomized design for this experiment. Various agronomic, chemical, and physiological data were measured and recorded after the crop was harvested 110 days after sowing. The results showed that when biochar, compost, and rhizobium were applied together, the root fresh biomass rose by 43.4%, the root dry biomass increased by 38.3%, and the shoot length increased by 61.7%, compared to the control treatment. Chlorophyll content (41.3% higher), photosynthetic rate (58.5% higher), transpiration rate (64.4% higher), quantum yield (32.6% higher), and stomatal conductivity (25.3% higher) were all significantly improved compared to the control. Soil levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were also improved with this treatment compared to the control. The combined use of biochar, compost, and rhizobium was more successful than any of the components used individually in boosting maize yields. Based on the findings of our study, the integration of rhizobium, biochar, and compost within a unified treatment shown a substantial enhancement in both the growth and yield of maize.
Estabilidad del nivel del agua en un tanque con variaciones generadas por la demanda del servicio mediante modelos matemáticos
(Revista Científica Pakamuros, 2023-09-13) Arce Fernández,Nilthon
El objetivo de la investigación fue mantener estable el nivel del agua en un tanque con variaciones generadas por la demanda del servicio. Se emplearon dos modelos matemáticos que permitieron estudiar la estabilidad, el modelo no lineal representado por una ecuación diferencial y el modelo lineal por una función de transferencia. Se utilizó el software Matlab/Simulink mediante un método numérico de Runge-Kutta para modelar y simular el proceso. Con las condiciones iniciales del 90 % en la apertura de la válvula de entrada y del 50 % en la apertura de la válvula de salida, la solución de ambos modelos alcanzó un nivel estacionario de h=1,8m. Debido a la demanda del servicio, la válvula de entrada se reajustó en +5 %, alcanzando la solución del sistema un nivel estacionario de h=2,005 m para el modelo no lineal y h=1,999 m para el modelo lineal. Finalmente, la válvula de salida se reajustó en +3 %, alcanzando la solución del sistema un nivel estacionario de h=1.785 m para el modelo no lineal y h=1.784m para el modelo lineal. Los modelos matemáticos empleados, permitieron estimar en menor tiempo con resultados esperados el nivel del agua, logrando así identificar la estabilidad del sistema.
Minimización de la penalidad generada por los retrasos en la entrega de proyectos mediante un modelo de programación lineal entera
(Revista Científica Pakamuros, 2023-09-17) Arce Fernández,Nilthon
La presente investigación tuvo por objetivo minimizar la penalidad total generada por el retraso en la entrega de proyectos operados por una máquina (retroexcavadora). Se empleó el método doble simplex de paso largo con el software GNU Octave (versión 6.2.0). Para estimar la fecha y el orden de entrega de los proyectos antes de la ejecución, se implementó un plan de trabajo para la máquina. La empresa Consultores & Ejecutores Jhothiza S.R.L. verificó los plazos de entrega ejecutando el modelo y concluyendo que la penalidad óptima fue de S/. 8100.

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