Artículos Científicos UNJ

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Análisis microbiológico y resistencia antibiótica en bacterias patógenas procedentes de quesos artesanales comercializados en Jaén, Perú
(Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, 2026-06-06) Rivera Salazar, Christian Alexander; Santa Cruz López, Cinthya Yanina; Borja Diaz, Ana Isabel; Caruajulca Lozano, Brijhit
El queso fresco artesanal es un alimento muy consumido que puede convertirse en vehículo de transporte para bacterias potencialmente patógenas y farmacorresistentes. El objetivo del estudio fue realizar un análisis microbiológico y evaluar la resistencia antibiótica de bacterias patógenas provenientes quesos artesanales de mercados de Jaén, 2025. El estudio fue descriptivo con un enfoque cuantitativo, no experimental. Se analizaron 120 muestras de queso fresco (10 gramos cada una), para la cuantificación de coliformes totales y mesófilos procedentes de ocho mercados del distrito de Jaén. Se incluyeron muestras con almacenamiento no mayor a 3 días y procedentes de puestos de venta formal. El queso fue recolectado en bolsas ziploc estériles, etiquetadas y transportadas en condiciones asépticas y de refrigeración (4°C). Se prepararon diluciones seriadas siendo la solución madre la dilución 10-1. Sumado a ello, se demostró bioquímicamente la presencia de Escherichia coli y Staphylococcus aureus, también se identificó fenotípicamente las cepas productoras de betalactamasas de espectro extendido y resistentes a meticilina, respectivamente. Entre los resultados, se reportó una elevada carga microbiana para mesófilos (4,80 × 105 UFC/g) y coliformes totales (1,22 x 10⁴ UFC/g). Estos valores superaron los limites permisibles, siendo el Mercado Santa Rosa donde se reportó la mayor carga bacteriana. Además, se identificó S. aureus (35,00 %) y E. coli (21,67 %) en quesos artesanales. Se evidenció E. coli productoras de betalactamasas de espectro extendido y de S. aureus resistente a meticilina en el 100,00 y 14,29 % de las cepas, respectivamente. En conclusión, los quesos frescos artesanales comercializados en la ciudad de Jaén presentan niveles altos de mesófilos y coliformes totales, además, se evidenció la presencia de cepas E. coli betalactamasas de espectro extendido y S. aureus resistentes a meticilina.
Impact of prebiotics and postbiotics in the management of constipation: Analysis of their differentiated modulation of intestinal microbiota
(Clinical Nutrition ESPEN, 2025-08-03) Saldaña Miranda, Marcela Yvone; Santa Cruz- López, Cinthya Yanina
Chronic constipation represents a burden in the modern world and is most prevalent in the elderly. Constipation has been linked to alterations in the gut microbiota, especially to an increase in methanogenic microorganisms. Prebiotics and some probiotics have already shown beneficial effects in constipation through improving stool consistency and modulating the gut microbiota. In the current double-blind, randomized and parallel-arm clinical study, 24 subjects with constipation were supplemented with NextDext™, a dextran prebiotic, or ABB C24, a prebiotic-postbiotic combination of NextDext™ and ABB C22®, for two weeks to evaluate their effects on stool consistency (Bristol Stool Form Scale) and gut microbiome. The results showed a significant improvement in stool consistency after taking NextDext™ from constipated to normal (Bristol Scale) and a trend to improvement after ABB C24 supplementation. Consumption of NextDext™ increased the presence of some beneficial bacterial groups, such as Bifidobacterium longum and Roseburia hominis, and reduced the presence of microorganisms associated with constipation, such as Blautia obeum, Escherichia coli and Collinsella aerofaciens. Consumption of ABB C24 reduced the presence of Blautia obeum and the methanogenic bacteria Methanobrevibacter smithii, while increased beneficial Clostridium leptum and Coprococcus spp. There were no significant alterations in gut diversity indexes of richness and evenness, even if ABB C24 seemed to increase diversity in a greater number of volunteers. Although NextDext™ influenced more microbial groups and restored microbial groups associated with opioid use, the species modulated by ABB C24 reverted microbial alterations consistently reported in constipation, suggesting an added value of the postbiotic ABB C22®. Both could benefit different profiles of constipation sufferers. This study was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT06738433.
Seroprevalencia y caracterización epidemiológica de Leptospira spp. en pacientes febriles del sistema de vigilancia epidemiológica en Jaén y San Ignacio, Cajamarca, Perú, 2021-2023.
(Facultad de Medicina Humana, 2026-03-31) Santa Cruz López, Cinthya Yanina; Saldaña- Miranda, Marcela; Rivera Salazar, Christian
Introducción: La leptospirosis es una zoonosis bacteriana de importancia en salud pública. Objetivo: Determinar la seropositividad, las características epidemiológicas y la distribución de serovariedades de Leptospira spp. en pacientes febriles del sistema de vigilancia epidemiológica de establecimientos del Ministerio de Salud de Jaén y San Ignacio, Cajamarca, Perú, durante 2021-2023. Métodos: Estudio observacional, transversal y retrospectivo, basado en el análisis secundario de una base de datos del sistema de vigilancia epidemiológica. Se incluyeron 4489 muestras sanguíneas de pacientes febriles de ambos sexos, con resultados negativos para dengue, zika y chikungunya. Todas las muestras fueron evaluadas mediante ELISA IgM para Leptospira spp.; las reactivas o indeterminadas fueron sometidas a prueba de microaglutinación (MAT) para confirmación e identificación de serovariedades. Se realizó análisis descriptivo y prueba de chi cuadrado. Resultados: La reactividad a IgM por ELISA fue 28,4% (1276/4489) y 10,8% (485/4489) de las muestras resultó indeterminada. De las 1761 muestras reactivas o indeterminadas por ELISA, 89,9% (1584/1761) fue seropositiva por MAT. La seropositividad fue similar entre mujeres y varones (89,6% vs. 90,4%; p=0,576), pero fue mayor en adultos de 30 a 59 años (92,3%; p=0,007). Los distritos con mayor frecuencia de casos seropositivos fueron Jaén (21,2%), San Ignacio (17,3%) y Morro Solar (12,9%). Las serovariedades más frecuentes fueron Varillal (46,34%), Hurstbridge (14,16%), Icterohaemorrhagiae (10,88%) y Bratislava (6,18%). Conclusión: La seropositividad a Leptospira spp. fue alta en pacientes febriles del sistema de vigilancia epidemiológica de Jaén y San Ignacio, con mayor frecuencia en adultos de 30 a 59 años.
Coffee fermentation from traditional to controlled and its impact on sensory quality: a review
(Coffee Science, 2025-09-16) Neyra Vergara,Tatiana Jazmin; Melendrez Mauriol,Oscar; Cubas Heredia,Blanca Yorlith; Contreras Ocupa,Gaby Norelli; Herrera Salazar,Diana Maricel; Diaz Mundaca,Eyla Esther; Rivera Botonares,Ralph Stein; Hernández Martínez,Ernesto
Coffee fermentation has evolved from traditional methods, such as traditional processing methods (washed/wet, natural/dry, honey/semi-dry) with fermentation types (wet, dry, mixed), to controlled fermentations, such as carbonic maceration, induced fermentation, and biodigestive processing, to improve the sensory quality of the final product. This evolution is compounded by technological advances, such as the use of metagenomic tools for the identification of microorganisms and enzymes to accelerate mucilage degradation. This review synthesizes and compares various coffee fermentation techniques, analyzing their influence on sensory profiles. To this end, a systematic bibliographic review of 118 scientific articles published between 2014 and 2024 was conducted in databases such as ScienceDirect, Scopus, IOPscience, Springer Nature, and Dialnet, ultimately highlighting 80 relevant studies using the PRISMA method criteria. The results indicate that controlled fermentation allows for the efficient use of microorganisms such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida parapsilosis, and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, which contribute to the development of complex sensory attributes in coffee, highlighting fruity, floral, sweet, and acidic notes. Factors such as time, temperature, and inoculum type have a significant impact on the sensory profile. Principal component analysis showed that the Catuí variety was the most associated with cup score, followed by Acaiá. Furthermore, it was evident that temperature and fermentation time primarily influenced Catuaí Vermelho, and that the Typica and Caturra varieties exhibited similar behavior within the diagram. Together, the application of controlled fermentation and starter cultures represents a key strategy to improve quality, standardize profiles, and meet market demands.
Phenolic compounds versus SARS-CoV-2: An update on the main findings against COVID-19 (5.0)
(Helyon, 2022-09-14) Hernández Martínez,Ernesto
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 remains an international concern. Although there are drugs to fight it, new natural alternatives such as polyphenols are essential due to their antioxidant activity and high antiviral potential. In this context, this review reports the main findings on the effect of phenolic compounds (PCs) against SARS-CoV-2 virus. First, the proven activity of PCs against different human viruses is briefly detailed, which serves as a starting point to study their anti-COVID-19 potential. SARS-CoV-2 targets (its proteins) are defined. Findings from in silico, in vitro and in vivo studies of a wide variety of phenolic compounds are shown, emphasizing their mechanism of action, which is fundamental for drug design. Furthermore, clinical trials have demonstrated the effectiveness of PCs in the prevention and as a possible therapeutic management against COVID-19. The results were complemented with information on the influence of polyphenols in strengthening/modulating the immune system. It is recommended to investigate compounds such as vitamins, minerals, alkaloids, triterpenes and fatty acids, and their synergistic use with PCs, many of which have been successful against SARS-CoV-2. Based on findings on other viruses, synergistic evaluation of PCs with accepted drugs against COVID-19 is also suggested. Other recommendations and limitations are also shown, which is useful for professionals involved in the development of efficient, safe and low-cost therapeutic strategies based on plant matrices rich in PCs. To the authors' knowledge, this manuscript is the first to evaluate the relationship between the antiviral and immunomodulatory (including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects) activity of PCs and their underlying mechanisms in relation to the fight against COVID-19. It is also of interest for the general population to be informed about the importance of consuming foods rich in bioactive compounds for their health benefits
The vulnerability of a centralized food system: An opportunity to improve food security in times of COVID-19-Peru perspective
(Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 2022-09-12) Hernández Martínez,Ernesto
COVID-19 has had a strong impact on the food supply chain (FSC) in many countries. The objective of this study was to determine the vulnerability of the FSC in a developing country, namely Peru. The main weakness of the FSC is its centralization, and COVID-19 aggravated this deficit in Peru. This prevents its stability on a large scale, especially in rural areas, which suffer from food and nutritional insecurity. In spite of this, the food system was stabilized due to agricultural, livestock and fishing potential of Peru. In addition, the efforts of local producers and informal vendors helped to maintain the availability of food throughout the country. Several examples of short (and decentralized) FSC were described, highlighting their importance for supplying the population in different areas of the country. In addition, they allow for rapid resolution of interruptions such as the current health crisis. Also mentioned are some suggestions for strengthening Peru's FSC such as the use of new technologies, self-production of food and the exploitation of non-conventional food sources. Emphasis is placed on the importance of environmental sustainability of the FSC and of implementing strategies to prevent illness among workers. This study aims to reflect on the importance of having a resilient and flexible FSC. Taking Peru as a model, the information provided is useful to understand how to improve the food system through the intervention of all the agents involved, such as government, academia, industry and the population.
Effect of antifreeze proteins on the freeze-thaw cycle of foods: fundamentals, mechanisms of action, current challenges and recommendations for future work
(Helyon, 2022-09-30) Hernández Martínez,Ernesto; Bazán Tantaleán,Delicia Liliana
Freezing is widely used in food preservation, but if not carried out properly, ice crystals can multiply (nucleation) or grow (recrystallization) rapidly. This also affects thawing, causing structural damage and affecting overall quality. The objective of this review is to comprehensively study the cryoprotective effect of antifreeze proteins (AFPs), highlighting their role in the freeze-thaw process of food. The properties of AFPs are based on their thermal hysteresis capacity (THC), on the modification of crystal morphology and on the inhibition of ice recrystallization. The mechanism of action of AFPs is based on the adsorption-inhibition theory, but the specific role of hydrogen and hydrophobic bonds/residues and structural characteristics is also detailed. Because of the properties of AFPs, they have been successfully used to preserve the quality of a wide variety of refrigerated and frozen foods. Among the limitations of the use of AFPs, the high cost of production stands out, but currently there are solutions such as the use the production of recombinant proteins, cloning and chemical synthesis. Although in vitro, in vivo and human studies have shown that AFPs are non-toxic, their safety remains a matter of debate. Further studies are recommended to expand knowledge about AFPs, to reduce costs in their large-scale production, to understand their interaction with other food compounds and their possible effects on the consumer.
A comprehensive review of the benefits of drinking craft beer: Role of phenolic content in health and possible potential of the alcoholic fraction
(Current Research in Food Science, 2023-03-08) Hernández Martínez,Ernesto; Minchán Velayarce,Hans Himbler; Pasapera Campos,Sandra Eloisa
Currently, there is greater production and consumption of craft beer due to its appreciated sensory characteristics. Unlike conventional beer, craft beers provide better health benefits due to their varied and high content of phenolic compounds (PCs) and also due to their alcohol content, but the latter is controversial. The purpose of this paper was to report on the alcoholic fraction and PCs present in craft beers and their influence on health. Despite the craft beer boom, there are few studies on the topic; there is a lot of field to explore. The countries with the most research are the United States > Italy > Brazil > United Kingdom > Spain. The type and amount of PCs in craft beers depends on the ingredients and strains used, as well as the brewing process. It was determined that it is healthier to be a moderate consumer of alcohol than to be a teetotaler or heavy drinker. Thus, studies in vitro, with animal models and clinical trials on cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, diabetes and obesity, osteoporosis and even the immune system suggest the consumption of craft beer. However, more studies with more robust designs are required to obtain more generalizable and conclusive results. Finally, some challenges in the production of craft beer were detailed and some alternative solutions were mentioned.
Consumo de hierbas medicinales para aliviar síntomas de afecciones respiratorias y COVID-19
(Vive en Salud, 2022-10-27) Caira Mamani,Cirilo Mario
Con el brote de COVID-19, se incrementó el consumo de plantas medicinales a raíz de su fácil, económica disponibilidad y conocimientos empíricos de sus propiedades medicinales y efectos terapéuticos para algunas enfermedades. Esta realidad de consumo de hierbas medicinales para aliviar síntomas de afecciones respiratorias y COVID-19, motivó la presente investigación. Objetivo. Determinar el grado de asociación entre el consumo de hierbas medicinales y su efecto en alivio de síntomas del virus. Materiales y método. La metodología se basa en estudio descriptivo, enfoque cuantitativo, prospectivo. Se recolectó los datos desde febrero hasta mayo del 2021 con una muestra de 400 personas que comprendió ambos sexos. Se encuestó sobre ¿Qué hierbas medicinales consumieron en forma de infusión? y ¿Con qué frecuencia consumen para aliviar los síntomas relacionados a afecciones respiratorias y COVID-19? Resultados. Los resultados determinaron que las hierbas medicinales de mayor consumo fueron Matico (Buddleja globosa), Eucalipto (Eucalyptus globulus), Escorzonera (Perezia multiflora) y Huamanripa (Senecio tephrosioides); con una frecuencia de 2 a 3 veces por día y 4 o 5 días por semana; marzo se obtuvo 3% consumo de Huamanripa y mayo 6% de hierbas combinada para afecciones respiratorias y COVID-19 respectivamente, febrero con 29% para afecciones respiratorias y mayo con 73% para dolencias del COVID-19. Sintieron alivio al ingerir infusiones de hierbas medicinales en mayo con 79% y coeficiente de determinación de 0.9984 que indica una alta asociación. Conclusiones. Al analizar los datos entre consumo de hierbas medicinales y alivio de síntomas de COVID-19, se obtuvo una alta correlación; por lo tanto, indica que alivia los síntomas.
Anthocyanins in relation to nutrients, stomatal density, and yield of purple lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) fertilized with compost based on bleaching earth
(Brazilian Journal of Biology, 2025-03-06) Caira Mamani,Cirilo Mario
In Peru, in recent years, the gastronomic boom has stood out globally, which has increased the production of edible oil in the oil industries, generating too much bleaching land. This study investigated anthocyanins in relation to nutrients, stomata density and yield of purple lettuce nourished with bleaching soil-based compost. The objective was to analyze the concentration of anthocyanins as a function of nutrients, stomata density and yield of purple lettuce nourished with such compost. It is based on a methodology applied with an experimental approach; for which the statistical model of the Completely Randomized Block Design was used, consisting of 3 blocks and 5 treatments which were T1 with 0, T2 with 6, T3 with 8, T4 with 10 and T5 with 12 t/ha of compost based on bleaching soil and the doses were applied 15 days after transplanting. Total plant length, plant height, plant weight, commercial yield, and equatorial diameter were evaluated. Additionally, the concentration of nutrients in leaves (Nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, molybdenum, iron, manganese, copper, zinc, boron, chlorides, and sodium), anthocyanin, stomatal density, and profitability. The results determined that T5 stood out in total plant length with 32 cm, plant height with 27 cm, plant weight with 200.27 g, commercial yield with 23.57 t/ha and equatorial diameter with 16.17 cm. Total nitrogen supply was 255.1 kg/ha. Nutrient concentrations in leaves were phosphorus, sulfur, molybdenum, manganese, copper, zinc and boron. Stomata density in leaves with 118 stomata/mm2. Profitability with 129% and anthocyanin concentration in T2 leaves with 89.25 mg/100g. It is concluded that adequate anthocyanin concentration in T5 , with 62.86 mg/100 g, influenced the concentration of most nutrients and greater density of stomata in the leaves, acting as a defense mechanism against nutritional and environmental stress, obtaining higher yields, 30% higher compared to the control.
Unveiling Ancestral Sustainability: A Comprehensive Study of Economic, Environmental, and Social Factors in Potato and Quinoa Cultivation in the Highland Aynokas of Puno, Per
(MDPI, 2023-09-01) Caira Mamani,Cirilo Mario
Centuries of cultivation in the Highland Aynoka of Puno, Peru, have endowed indigenous crops such as potato and quinoa with rich cultural and nutritional value deeply ingrained in local traditions. This study meticulously evaluates their economic viability, environmental implications, Comprehensive Study of Economic, Environmental, and Social Factors in Potato and Quinoa Cultivation in the Highland Aynokas of Puno, Peru. Sustainability 2023, 15, 13163. https://doi.org/10.3390/ su151713163 AcademicEditor: K˛estutis Venslauskas Received: 23 July 2023 Revised: 21 August 2023 Accepted: 30 August 2023 Published: 1 September 2023 Copyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). and cultural importance by employing a mixed-methods research approach involving surveys, interviews, and observations. The outcome reveals that while the Economic Sustainability Index (EKI) moderately supports potato and quinoa production sustainability, with a value of 2.98, it falls short of significant impact. Conversely, the Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI) and the Social Sustainability Index (SSI) exhibit moderate levels of sustainability, recording values of 4.04 and 3.38 for ESI and SSI, respectively. These crops demonstrate acceptable economic feasibility, marked by consistent sales, income generation, and manageable production expenses. The findings underscore the urgency of endorsing sustainable farming methods to safeguard cultural heritage, boost market prospects, and fortify regional ecological robustness. Rooted in ancestral sustainability, potato and quinoa cultivation is a cornerstone in local food systems. Recognizing the cultural, economic, and environmental significance inherent to these crops, efforts can be channeled towards nurturing sustainable agricultural systems that uphold community well-being, conserve biodiversity, and facilitate cultural resilience in Puno’s Highland Aynoka.
A comprehensive review on monitoring and purification of water through tunable 2D nanomaterials
(Brazilian Journal of Biology, 2023-06-09) Caira Mamani,Cirilo Mario
Instead of typical household trash, the heavy metal complexes, organic chemicals, and other poisons produced by huge enterprises threaten water systems across the world. In order to protect our drinking water from pollution, we must keep a close eye on the situation. Nanotechnology, specifically two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, is used in certain wastewater treatment systems. Graphene, g-C3 N4 , MoS2 , and MXene are just a few examples of emerging 2D nanomaterials that exhibit an extraordinary ratio of surface (m3), providing material consumption, time consumption, and treatment technique for cleaning and observing water. In this post, we’ll talk about the ways in which 2D nanomaterials may be tuned to perform certain functions, namely how they can be used for water management. The following is a quick overview of nanostructured materials and its possible use in water management: Also discussed in length are the applications of 2D nanomaterials in water purification, including pollutant adsorption, filtration, disinfection, and photocatalysis. Fluorescence sensors, colorimetric, electrochemical, and field-effect transistors are only some of the devices being studied for their potential use in monitoring water quality using 2D nanomaterials. Utilizing 2D content has its benefits and pitfalls when used to water management. New developments in this fast-expanding business will boost water treatment quality and accessibility in response to rising awareness of the need of clean, fresh water among future generations.
Photosynthetic modification of plants through recent technologies: a valuable way to ensure crop fortification
(Brazilian Journal of Biology, 2023-04-23) Caira Mamani,Cirilo Mario
The 2030 Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations include a strong emphasis on ending hunger worldwide. According to the 2019 Global Food Security Index, while 88% of countries claim there is sufficient food supply in their country, the sad reality is that 1 in 3 countries is facing insufficient availability of food supply, which means that in those countries, more than 10% of the population is malnourished. Since nutrition is crucial to leading a healthy life and satisfying food security needs, several governments have turned to national nutrition surveys to gauge the extent of malnutrition in their populations. Plants are able to grow, develop, and store nutrients by photosynthesis, which convert light into chemical energy through cell redox regulatory networks. A photosynthesis system’s electron flow may be adjusted to accommodate varying light and environmental circumstances. Many techniques exist for controlling the flow of electrons emitted during light processes in order to save or waste energy. The two protein molecules TROL and flavoenzyme ferredoxin (oxidoreductase+NADP) (FNR) interact dynamically to form an excellent molecular switch capable of splitting electrons from the photosystem. The TROL-FNR bifurcation may be limited by either generating NADPH or preventing reactive oxygen species from propagating. TROL-based genome editing is an experimental method for enhancing plant stress and defensive responses, efficiency, and ultimately agricultural production.
Spatial Distribution of Soil Organic Carbon in Relation to Land Use, Based on the Weighted Overlay Technique in the High Andean Ecosystem of Puno—Peru
(MDPI, 2023-06-23) Caira Mamani,Cirilo Mario
Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a crucial componentoftheplanet andisessential for agriculture development. Our region is known for its livestock and agricultural activities. Hence, understanding Citation: Canaza, D.; Calizaya, E.; Chambi, W.; Calizaya, F.; Mindani, C.; Cuentas, O.; Caira, C.; Huacani, W. Spatial Distribution of Soil Organic Carbon in Relation to Land Use, Based on the Weighted Overlay Technique in the High Andean Ecosystem of Puno—Peru. Sustainability 2023, 15, 10316. https://doi.org/10.3390/ su151310316 Academic Editor: Cristian-Valeriu Patriche Received: 31 May 2023 Revised: 16 June 2023 Accepted: 27 June 2023 Published: 29 June 2023 Copyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). the spatial distribution of SOC is crucial for sustainable land management of soils in the mountain ecosystems in the Andes. The methodology consisted of obtaining 53 soil samples from depths of 0 to 105 cm, which were analyzed to obtain SOC (Kg/m2) and organic matter (OM) (%). Ordinary kriging, a geostatistical method, was used to determine SOC. Pearson’s statistical method was applied to determine the association between SOC and precipitation, temperature, altitude, and organic matter and gave acceptable correlations of 0.38, 0.32, 0.40, and 0.59. These results were used to apply weighting criteria for climatological and environmental variables. The weighted overlay tool was used for modeling and mapping the spatial variability of SOC. The estimated spatial distribution of SOC in the micro-watershed reveals an increasing trend from south to north, specifically within the 0–20 cm depth profile. The study confirmed through the spatial analysis that regions with intensive agriculture have low reserves (
Use of organic fertilizers with microbes for improving maize growth, physiology and soil properties
(Brazilian Journal of Biology, 2023-09-07) Caira Mamani,Cirilo Mario
Integrated nutrient management is a promising way to avoid plant nutrient shortages because of the positive relationship between the bioavailability of nutrients and greater economic interest in their application through organic amendments and microbial application. To examine how compost, charcoal, and rhizobium influence maize development, an experiment was set up in a container. In addition to the appropriate amounts of nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium, the soil in the allotted pots was treated with 50 ml of rhizobium, 5 tonnes of compost, and 2.5 tonnes of biochar before maize seeds were planted. A total of nine treatments (with three replicates each) were arranged in a completely randomized design for this experiment. Various agronomic, chemical, and physiological data were measured and recorded after the crop was harvested 110 days after sowing. The results showed that when biochar, compost, and rhizobium were applied together, the root fresh biomass rose by 43.4%, the root dry biomass increased by 38.3%, and the shoot length increased by 61.7%, compared to the control treatment. Chlorophyll content (41.3% higher), photosynthetic rate (58.5% higher), transpiration rate (64.4% higher), quantum yield (32.6% higher), and stomatal conductivity (25.3% higher) were all significantly improved compared to the control. Soil levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were also improved with this treatment compared to the control. The combined use of biochar, compost, and rhizobium was more successful than any of the components used individually in boosting maize yields. Based on the findings of our study, the integration of rhizobium, biochar, and compost within a unified treatment shown a substantial enhancement in both the growth and yield of maize.
Influence of nutrition with leachate based on compost from vegetable waste on the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of radish (Raphanus sativus L.)
(Brazilian Journal of Biology, 2025-02-16) Caira Mamani,Cirilo Mario
The economic instability in Peru was influenced by the post-pandemic period, the war between Russia and Ukraine, and the geopolitical confrontation between the United States and China, which caused an increase in fertilizer prices. The reason why the influence of nutrition with leachate based on compost from vegetable waste (LBCVW) on the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of radish was investigated. The objective was to analyze the influence of foliar nutrition with LBCVW on the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the radish. It was based on applied research with an experimental approach, so the Completely Randomized Block Design statistical model was used, which consisted of 3 blocks and 5 treatments: T1 with 0, T2 with 2, T3 with 3, T4 with 4, and T5 with 5 liters of LBCVW/200 liters of water, and the application was made 14 and 21 days after sowing. Once the data on total plant length, plant weight, commercial yield, and equatorial diameter were obtained, they were processed using analysis of variance and Duncan's test. The concentration of nutrients (nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, molybdenum, iron, manganese, copper, zinc, boron, chlorides, and sodium), the starch percentage, the stomatal density in leaves, and the profitability were determined. The results determined that T5 stood out in total plant length with 40.26 cm, plant weight with 126.32 g, commercial yield with 39.445 t/ha, and equatorial diameter with 4.72 cm. In stomatal density with 586 stomata/mm2 and profitability with 338.6%, and T2 in nutrient concentration such as magnesium, molybdenum, iron, manganese, boron, and starch percentage with 4.55%. It concludes that T5 stood out for its concentration of phosphorus and calcium, higher stomatal density, and lower starch percentage in the leaves. These characteristics influenced the optimization of biochemical reactions such as transpiration, photosynthesis, and the formation and translocation of carbohydrates towards the reserve (bulb), among others. As a result, greater resistance to nutritional and environmental stress was evidenced, achieving a higher yield of 39.445 t/ha, which represents a 24.54% increase compared to T1.
Increase in anthocyanins and their relationship with nutrition, stomatal density, and yield of purple lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) nourished with humus based on vegetable waste
(Brazilian Journal of Biology, 2025-07-21) Caira Mamani,Cirilo Mario
Global food security faces challenges due to the geopolitical situation, climate change, unhealthy diets, and the post-pandemic period. In Peru, the effects of the socioeconomic crisis were also felt, especially in the increase in food prices. For this reason, research was conducted on the increase of anthocyanins and their relationship with nutrition, stomatal density, and the yield of purple lettuce nourished with humus based on vegetable waste (HBVW). The objective was to determine the increase in anthocyanins in relation to nutrition, stomatal density, and the yield of purple lettuce nourished with HBVW. The methodology is based on applied research with an experimental approach; for this, a completely randomized block design was used, consisting of 3 blocks and 5 treatments, which were T1 with 0, T2 with 6, T3 with 8, T4 with 10, and T5 with 12 t ha-1 of HBVW. The doses were applied 15 days after transplanting, and physical characteristics were evaluated (total plant length, weight of purple lettuce, diameter of purple lettuce, and commercial yield), nutrient concentration in leaves (nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, molybdenum, iron, manganese, copper, zinc, boron, chlorides, and sodium), anthocyanin concentration, total nitrogen, and phosphorus consumption. Also the stomatal density and profitability. Results determined that T5 stood out in total plant length with 28.90 cm, lettuce weight with 96.33 g, diameter with 17.07 cm, and commercial yield with 19.387 t ha-1. Total nitrogen consumption with 291.44 kg ha-1 and total phosphorus pentoxide consumption with 412.98 kg ha-1 and profitability with 88.4%. Nutrient concentration in T4 leaves with sulfur, molybdenum, manganese, copper, zinc, and boron. Anthocyanin concentration T2 with 364.62 mg/100 g and stomatal density T1 with 460 stomata/mm2. He concluded that the appropriate dose (T4) significantly stood out in anthocyanin concentration and yield. This dose provided nutrients to the soil that improved availability for greater absorption by the plant, which influenced higher nutrient concentration and an adequate number of stomata in the leaves. These biochemical characteristics optimized the reactions of photosynthesis, carbohydrate formation, and translocation and increased anthocyanin synthesis. Resulting in a strengthening against nutritional and environmental stress, pests, and reactive oxygen species (ROS).
Effect of rhizobium and gibberellin on the production of hydroponic green forage of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) variety quiñequeli
(Brazilian Journal of Biology, 2023-10-31) Caira Mamani,Cirilo Mario
The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the effect of rhizobium and gibberellin on the production of hydroponic green forage from red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) variety quiñequeli, four variables were measured: plant height, biomass weight, grass weight and root weight. The treatments were T0: 0%, T1: 10%, T2: 20%, T3: 30% and T4: 40% of Rhizobium before germination and Gibberellin T0: 0g, T1: 2.4g; T2: 3.3g; T3: 4.3 and T4: 5.3g each treatment with 6 repetitions, three applications on days 5, 10, 15 and 20 of growth. Data were analyzed with DCA, ANOVA and DUNCAN's multiple comparisons test; the results obtained were: first measurement with rhizobium without gibberellin there were no statistical differences, second and third measurement with Gibberellin application did not present statistical differences and the fourth measurement presented statistical difference (α=0.05), average height of the plant with a mean of 12.82 cm, T4 was higher, in biomass a statistical difference was obtained with a mean of 3.056 kg, T3 was higher, weight of grass and root did not present statistical differences; concluding that the use of rhizobium and gibberellin could be a usable alternative in the production of hydroponic green fodder, to alleviate the problems of fodder scarcity in dry season, its use being recommended in high Andean livestock
Biological and chemical characterization in relation to the yield of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) nourished with humus from plant residues
(Brazilian Journal of Biology, 2025-06-03) Caira Mamani,Cirilo Mario
The food crisis in Peru has intensified due to the increase in the costs of raw materials, such as energy sources, fertilizers, and other industrial inputs, as a result of global socioeconomic instability. For this reason, research was conducted on the antioxidant in relation to nutrition, stomatal density, and yield in cilantro nourished with compost leachate based on vegetable waste (CLPW). The objective was to analyze the antioxidants in relation to nutrition, stomatal density, and the yield of cilantro nourished with CLPW. The methodology was based on an applied experimental approach, so the statistical model of completely randomized block design was employed, which consisted of 3 blocks and 5 treatments: T1 with 0, T2 with 2, T3 with 3, T4 with 4, and T5 with 5 liters of CLPW per 200 liters of water. The doses were applied 15 and 30 days after planting. The data obtained from the physical characteristics of cilantro, such as total length, plant weight, number of leaves, and commercial yield, were processed using analysis of variance and the Duncan test. Additionally, the concentration of nutrients (nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, molybdenum, iron, manganese, copper, zinc, boron, chlorides, and sodium), antioxidant capacity, stomatal density in leaves, and profitability were evaluated. The results determined that T5 stood out in total length with 55.23 cm, plant weight with 79.63 g, number of leaves with 162, and commercial yield with 27.017 t/ha. Regarding nutrient concentration, T5 stood out in calcium, magnesium, iron, boron, and chlorides, with a profitability of 334%. T4 stood out in antioxidant capacity with 4638.1 μmol Trolox/100 g sample, while T1 showed the highest stomatal density with 143 stomata/mm2. In conclusion, T4, with 4638.1 μmol Trolox/100 g sample, exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity. However, T5, with 4212.8 μmol Trolox/100 g sample, promoted greater nutrient absorption, lower stomatal density, and other biochemical reactions, which resulted in strengthening against environmental stress and, consequently, higher yield.
Analysis of the chemical and biological characteristics and their relationship with the yield of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) nourished with compost based on plant residues
(Brazilian Journal of Biology, 2024-08-05) Caira Mamani,Cirilo Mario
The increase in fertilizer prices was 20% after the pandemic, which increased the cost of crop production in Peru. For this reason, research was conducted on the analysis of the chemical and biological characteristics and their relationship with the yield of radish nourished with compost based on plant residues. The objective was to analyze the chemical and biological characteristics and their relationship with the yield of radish nourished with vegetable waste-based compost. It is based on the methodology applied with an experimental approach; therefore, the statistical model of the Completely Randomized Block Design was used, which consisted of 3 blocks and 5 treatments that were T1 with 0, T2 with 4, T3 with 6, T4 with 8 and T5 with 10 t/ha of compost based on vegetable residues, and the doses were applied 14 days after sowing. Physical characteristics (total plant length, plant weight, bulb equatorial diameter and marketable yield), nutrient concentrations (nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, molybdenum, iron, manganese, copper, zinc, boron, chlorides and sodium) in leaves and stomata density were evaluated. The results determined that T5 stood out in total plant length with 28.07 cm, plant weight with 75 g, bulb equatorial diameter with 4.52 cm and commercial yield with 22.53 t/ha. In the total contribution of nitrogen in relation to yield with 300.44 kg/ha. Profitability with 186.8%. Quantification of stomata per treatment with 598 stomata/mm2 and concentration of nutrients in leaves at T3 with nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus and magnesium. It concludes that T5 , which has an adequate concentration of nutrients in leaves such as magnesium, manganese, zinc and stomata density of 598 stomata/mm2 influenced optimal biochemical reactions that resulted in the highest yield with 22.53 t/ha, differing by 31.38% in relation to T1 .

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